In the last 50 years, the model for physician–patient interaction has gradually moved from a physician-led, authoritarian model (paternalistic) to that of a collaboration between physician and patient (partnership, stewardship). Communication is essential for this relationship. In recent years, the emphasis on optimizing the physician’s communication during clinical consultations has increased with the aim of providing patient-centered care. Often, physicians and patients will interrupt each other during visits, but what are the reasons for and the impacts of these interruptions?
Meaning and Impacts
An interruption is any act that physically interrupts the flow of conversation or hinders further progression of a topic of conversation.
Interruptions can negatively affect key elements of a communicative exchange, particularly the communication of information to the patient or the development of rapport with the patient. Many studies have indicated that interruptions are numerous during outpatient visits for adults, and up to 75% of patients are interrupted by a physician before they finish speaking. This interruption reduced the average speaking time of the patient during the initial presentation of their problem from 73-150 seconds to 12-23 seconds.
Intrusion or Cooperation?
The impact of interruptions on clinical visits remains unclear. Some studies show a mainly intrusive impact of interruptions, particularly when used tactically by the physician to gain power over the conversation, and which can potentially cause a scenario in which the patient is unable to wholly divulge their concerns.
A contrasting view is that not all interruptions are negative, such as in scenarios in which cooperative interruptions can help maintain the content and flow of the interaction. For example, cooperative interruptions directed by the physician can facilitate the coordination of patients’ healthcare and may even be a display of support and cooperation to the patient.
In general, intrusive interruptions, such as topic changes and disagreements, are perceived as more negative, typical interruptions than cooperative interruptions, such as clarifications and agreements.
Gender and Interruptions
Interruptions have long been associated with masculinity and male dominance, although others have questioned this direct link between gender and interruptions. A systematic analysis of cooperative and intrusive interruptions in various consultation phases of clinical practice interactions is lacking.
Real-World Data
One study that was carried out in a primary care setting assessed whether speaker role (physician vs patient) and speaker gender predict the type of interruption in these particular consultation phases (first visit or follow-up). On average, the consultations lasted 870 seconds (14.5 minutes), with a range from 275 seconds (4.5 minutes) to 2091 seconds (35 minutes). For the analysis, the researchers focused on the problem presentation phase and the diagnosis or treatment plan phase, given that they are characterized by particular tasks and goals for the physician and patient.
Interruptions were defined as instances wherein a new speaker started talking during an audibly incomplete turn of the current speaker, which most often involved overlap of speech.
All consultations had at least one interruption, with an average of about 29 interruptions per consultation.
Of the 2405 total interruptions identified, 1994 (82.9%) were cooperative, and 304 (12.6%) were intrusive. For the remaining 107 interruptions (4.4%), the type of interruption was unclear, most often because of inaudible speech.
Patients made 55.5% of all interruptions, 55% of cooperative interruptions, and 58.9% of intrusive interruptions. Physicians made the first interruption in 56% of the 84 consultations, an average of 36.3 seconds after the start of the problem presentation phase, and 89% of these interruptions were cooperative.
Predictors of Type
Intrusive interruptions were significantly more likely to be made in the following ways:
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By patients than physicians (odds ratio [OR] = 3.17)
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By men than women (OR = 1.67)
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In the diagnosis or treatment plan phase than the problem presentation phase (OR = 2.24)
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In the physician group, men were more likely to make an intrusive interruption than women (OR = 1.54)
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In the patient group, men were less likely to make an intrusive interruption than women (OR = 0.70).
Although physicians’ interruptions of patients have long been considered intrusive actions that should be avoided, these findings demonstrate that most of the interruptions that physicians make are actually not intrusive. The physicians mainly interrupted patients to express understanding and support, or to ask for clarification, thereby aligning with the patients’ ongoing narration and thus with the patient’s role as the primary speaker. These data support the hypothesis that physicians’ cooperative interruptions in the initial phase of the consultation may improve, rather than hinder, the quality of communication.
Patients interrupted physicians more frequently than vice versa, and more often in an intrusive manner. These results correct the intuitive assumption that it is mainly the physician who acts intrusively during medical interaction. Moreover, male physicians and female patients were most likely to make intrusive interruptions, and female physicians and male patients were most likely to interrupt in a cooperative manner.
Consultation Phase
Physicians were less likely than patients to intrusively interrupt the other in the phase of problem presentation, which indicates that the physicians in this study acknowledged the control of the patient in this initial and critical phase.
On the other hand, in the phase of diagnosis or treatment plan discussion, physicians made almost as many intrusive interruptions as patients, which suggests more tension or time pressure, and a repeating exercise of authority in taking and keeping the conversational floor.
In summary, physicians’ and patients’ interruptions are often cooperative actions that may enhance the clinical interaction, and subsequently the physician–patient relationship. Especially in the phase of problem presentation, physicians’ interruptions to show agreement or to ask for clarification acknowledge the patient in their role as primary speaker, recognize the content of the patient’s story, and demonstrate engagement in the interaction.
This article was translated from Univadis Italy.
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