Alstrom syndrome has been the focus of attention, among other ciliopathies, in research on the biological functions of cilia as well as the best mode of treatment of these disorders. The ALMS1 gene has been associated with this condition.
Physiological Roles of ALMS1 Protein
The ALMS1 gene has been the locus of research because of its association with obesity and the metabolic syndrome. It has already been proved to be involved in the regulation of the energy balance in the body, along with appetite modulation, so that deficits in the expression of this gene can lead to obesity and diabetes. Rodent studies indicate that this gene is required for proper ciliary function in the hypothalamic neurons responsible for energy and appetite homeostasis. More study is going on to elucidate this role for the cilia. A related area of research is looking into the changes in the glucose transporter 4 (GLUT 4) profile of affected cells, as well as the role played by ALMS1 in adipocyte differentiation. Proper maturation of fat cells is crucial in fat and glucose homeostasis.
Another area of study focusses on the way the ALMS1 gene controls the cell cycle and intracellular trafficking. Cells from ALMS patients show alterations in actin morphology, cytoskeletal disruption, and deficits in endosome-associated recycling of cell components such as receptors. Affected cells also had lower rates of apoptosis, with an increase in cell cycle time. Thus, mutations in this gene produce widespread effects on gene expression relating to more than 500 genes. Research into the linkage between these very different areas is ongoing, such as the role of the ALMS1 protein in the movement of GLUT4 endosomes along the cytoskeletal actin filaments to reach the plasma membrane, as well as its role in transporting membrane components to the cleavage furrow between the daughter cells in cell division.
Again, the cilia have been shown to regulate many and diverse signaling pathways which control cell cycles and cell differentiation. Work is underway to establish the part played by ALMS1 in this area, including cochlear differentiation via planar cell polarity signaling through basal body anchoring or migration. Basal bodies are closely related to ciliary function and are the site of ALMS1 in the cochlear hair cells.
Diagnosis
Initially, genetic diagnosis of this condition depended upon gene sequencing to look for mutations in the ALMS1 gene hotspots, where most of the mutations of clinical importance have been localized. In particular, attention was focused upon exons 8, 10 and 16. This was, however, a time-consuming and expensive process, which limited its viability in clinical practice. The next step was to employ arrayed primer extension technology, which looks for known mutations in a set, both in the ALMS1 and 10 genes associated with Bardet-Biedl syndrome. This was relatively less expensive than the former. However, newer techniques with increased power to detect mutations have emerged. These include next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology, which could be in the form of panels of genetic tests, but even more, whole-exome sequencing and whole-genome sequencing. These are more cost-effective and thus can be extended to a growing number of patients.
Such techniques help to not only diagnose the presence of Alstrom syndrome in patients without any clinical features, but also to identify the presence of mutations in other genes. At present, in the absence of the features adopted as diagnostic criteria, many cases of Alstrom syndrome go undiagnosed. This could be due to over-dependence upon the ALMS1 mutations already identified. In addition, the phenotype of Alstrom syndrome is known to vary with the genetic background, including the presence of mutations on other genes or other loci on the ALMS1 gene. The importance of early diagnosis lies in the ability to offer early prevention and treatment of associated medical conditions so as to minimize the complications expected in the long term, and to predict their development based on the presence of other mutations.
Research into whole-exome sequencing is based upon the advantage it offers of rapidly analyzing all the exons in the genome, thus rendering all the mutations visible, whether known or unknown, and whether they lie on the ALMS1 gene or not. The biggest obstacle is the sheer magnitude of the exome data which has to be analyzed. However, work is going on to develop the use of bioinformatics tools which will help to filter out relevant variants only, according to the filter chosen. This is essential in facilitating the identification of disease-causing mutations in association with atypical phenotypes which would not otherwise have been known to be part of the Alstrom syndrome family. Compound heterozygous and homozygous mapping approaches have all been useful in this regard, and research is proceeding into the use of combinations of different tools in consanguineous families and non-classical phenotypes to find new genes which are involved in the etiology of the clinical features of ciliopathy.
Treatment
Currently, therapy for patients with Alstrom syndrome is limited in scope. Studies are underway to develop treatment strategies which can limit or restrict the progression of disease manifestations. Attention is primarily focused on the manner in which and the extent to which kidney, liver, or retinal function can be preserved or recovered by appropriate gene therapy. Gene therapies are the main target for development in these areas, which makes it more important to understand the way in which these mutations operate to produce the manifestations of the disease.
Thus, current research into Alstrom syndrome is driven by the need to understand the pathology of the condition as well as to evolve effective treatment modalities which target molecular hotspots in affected or at-risk individuals. Some studies have experimented with using wild-type genes transduced by viruses in other conditions such as polycystic kidney disease with promising results. Stem cells are another avenue which remains to be explored in this field.
References
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4516341/
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4516341/#b25-tacg-8-171
- https://ojrd.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1750-1172-2-49
Further Reading
- All Alstrom Syndrome Content
Last Updated: Aug 23, 2018
Written by
Dr. Liji Thomas
Dr. Liji Thomas is an OB-GYN, who graduated from the Government Medical College, University of Calicut, Kerala, in 2001. Liji practiced as a full-time consultant in obstetrics/gynecology in a private hospital for a few years following her graduation. She has counseled hundreds of patients facing issues from pregnancy-related problems and infertility, and has been in charge of over 2,000 deliveries, striving always to achieve a normal delivery rather than operative.
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